Autism biting themselves. Luna Rose leads wikiHow's Autism Project.
Autism biting themselves Children on the autism spectrum often struggle to convey emotions effectively, leading to behaviors like pinching, hitting, and biting. Even kids we know that aren’t trying to kill themselves could make a mistake. These behaviors can serve various purposes, including expressing themselves, coping with their environment, or communicating their needs and emotions. My internal experience of melting down like this and hitting myself is that I am fighting for my life. (2013). About half of autistic people engage in self-injurious behaviour at some point in their life, and it can affect people of all ages. But suppressing stimming makes autism worse. May 13, 2024 · Understanding aggressive or self-injurious behaviour in autistic children and teenagers. Don't jump to any conclusions, of course, but do keep this in mind as you talk to your child's caregivers and relatives about his behavior. Self-injurious behavior is one of the most devastating behaviors exhibited by people with developmental disabilities. Nail biting . 3 Most children stop the behavior as they grow. Some autistic people may hurt themselves in various ways, such as banging their head on surfaces, biting their hands or arms or pulling their hair. This article will look at helpful ways to manage biting in autistic children. We want to teach him that biting does not get him what he wants. Biting behavior in children with autism can be directed towards themselves, others, or objects. Oh and always biting my tongue. Q: Is dermatophagia common in autism? A: According to research, a type of skin picking known as dermatophagia is common among people with autism. What can schools, and school staff, do to protect themselves from being scratched and bitten? Jun 25, 2021 · Dr. This is an alarming issue for families with children on the autism spectrum who are looking for the right solution. 5 out of 5 stars 3,153 Thank you for bringing up this important aspect of eating for many individuals on the autism spectrum. ” There’s nobody provoking the biting. Jun 8, 2016 · Keep on reading to find a biting solution for your child. For children with autism spectrum disorder, triggers for biting are as diverse as the individual children themselves. Lower Order and Higher Order Autism Stimming Behaviors. A key area of concern in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are self-injurious behaviors (SIBs). A study of children and teenagers with autism found that 68 percent had been aggressive to a caregiver, and 49 percent had been aggressive to someone else, at some point. Underlying Causes of Biting. Some individuals with autism may engage in repetitive arm movements or maintain certain arm postures as a form of self-stimulation or self-regulation. Ranging from head-banging, biting, to extreme hand-rubbing or scratching these types of actions can be detrimental to a child and to their parents. This type of behavior is quite different from other common behaviors associated with autism, such as repetitive movements or fixations on certain topics. Mary Barbera discusses autism, biting, and how to reduce biting in children with autism. These include hand flapping, rocking back and forth, various head movements, jumping up and down, etc. Apr 25, 2018 · Self-injurious behavior (SIB) is one of the most devastating types of behavior exhibited by children with autism. One of the most common reasons why autistic individuals bite is to self-stimulate. Sep 22, 2024 · The Bite-sized Truth: Understanding Biting Behavior. They can effectively help protect your forearms, allowing increased engagement and positive outcomes. Mar 11, 2021 · You’ve heard the stories of preschoolers taking a bite out of one another on the playground and personally witnessed a feisty 2-year-old hit their mother in the middle of a supermarket tantrum. Autism pinching risks Mar 23, 2020 · Half of people with autism have engaged in self-injury at some point in their lives, with a fourth having the behavior at any given time. Some autistic children and young people can display behaviour that puts themselves - or someone else - at risk. However, some common triggers include sensory overload, communication difficulties, emotional triggers, and changes in routine. 3. Our guide explains possible causes, things you can do when it happens, and ways you can try to prevent it happening. In fact, it’s estimated that up to 25% of children in daycare settings exhibit biting behavior at some point. Several months ago, he started pinching people. Oct 11, 2024 · Many individuals with autism will stim in an effort to calm themselves. Apr 1, 2024 · Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a common neurodevelopmental condition typically diagnosed during childhood. When you stim, it doesn’t necessarily mean you have autism, but it is one of the criteria in diagnosing autism. ” This can be a response to overwhelming emotions or discomfort. That’s a whole lot of tiny teeth marks! But why do kids bite? Well, it’s not because they’re aspiring to be the next Dracula. While this may bring some form of comfort it doesn’t take away the fact that you now have another ‘faze’ to try to navigate through, oh the joys! Mar 12, 2024 · Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) often face various challenges that can manifest through different behaviors. Of course, you cannot let your child bite themselves or others. The information from these receptors is sent to the brain Oh and always biting my tongue. Sep 18, 2023 · Autism pinching behavior, also known as self-injurious behavior (SIB), is a common symptom of autism that involves a person intentionally hurting themselves. I have no clue what to do. Jan 20, 2025 · A: Research found skin picking can be a sensory-seeking behavior for autistic people in need of self-regulation or sensory input. Jan 7, 2021 · Biting can be scary, as it is harmful to your child and those around him or her. Hand-flapping or spinning in circles—stimming examples that are common in autistic people—are less socially accepted. The most common forms of these behaviors include: head-banging, hand-biting, and excessive self-rubbing and scratching. To address this: Understand the Cause: Identify if the biting is due to stimming, sensory needs, or communication issues. We often assess non-verbal children, or children without much language, who bang their head, poke themselves in the eye and bite themselves. But why? What drives someone to hurt themselves repeatedly? 2 days ago · Hitting can range from an open-handed slap to a closed-fisted punch, and some outbursts may even injure themselves or others. In this blog post, we will explore why these behaviors occur in children with ASD and discuss effective occupational therapy and speech therapy interventions to address these behaviors Problem is that one of my most 'favorite' ways to focus and release stress is biting my lip, tongue and inside of my cheeks. Significantly however there are reports that suicidal ideation and suicide attempts are 28 times more common in autistic children than in non-autistic Jan 20, 2025 · 1. Biting is more common than you might think. 1 More than half of the Start using a child-friendly and proven approach to increase talking, decrease problem behaviors and improve picky eating, sleeping, potty training and more for parents and professionals helping kids with autism and toddlers showing signs. Otherwise, we have 2 articles on toddler biting on our website you may wish to look at: Why Toddlers Bite and How to Discourage a Child From Biting. Jul 8, 2024 · Sings of autism or disability: In addition to hitting themselves, children with autism may scratch, pinch, or bite themselves or bang their heads. Some autistic children bite themselves as a form of self-stimulatory behavior, or “stimming. For many autistic children, biting is a way to show their needs or deal with tough moments. Another comprehensive study found that over 50% of autistic children between the ages of 2 and 7 reported SIB , while close to 40% of adolescents in the study engaged in these behaviors. It seems I have solved the problem, finally. No matter how upset he gets, do not give him the item if he bites. , Potential Risk Factors for the Development of Self-Injurious Behavior among Infants at Risk for Autism Spectrum Disorder Nov 1, 2016 · ARK’s Krypto-Bite® Tube Necklace; Same hex / prism shape as the Krypto-Bite® above, but it hangs horizontal instead like bead; Good for nibbling, for those who like to bite/chew with their front teeth; Size of the pendant: about 2. SIBs are more common I bite myself a lot, like I just grit my teeth, clench my jaw, try not to bite, but eventually I bite myself soooo fucking hard. My son, Joey, would often bite when he was younger. Autistic people may also repeat movements such as hand flapping, rocking or the repetitive use of an object such as twirling a pen or opening and closing a door. It can be very distressing for families, who often feel powerless. Stay calm and composed. I’ve seen a lot of this in children on the autism spectrum, but it can happen with any child–including those with sensory issues. Pinching usually hurts less on a smaller area than hitting and biting, but all three can be connected to stimming. They may also give themselves their own sensory input by banging their heads, biting into the soft part at the base of their thumbs, slapping their thighs, and banging their feet. Please feel free to submit articles to enhance the knowledge, acceptance, understanding and research of Autism and ASD. They may have sensitivities to certain textures or sounds that can lead to biting. Is Biting More Common in Autistic Children? Research has shown that autistic children may experience more ‘aggressive’ behaviors towards their peers, parents, or caregivers. Autism pinching risks Autism pinching risks The most obvious risk of autism pinching behavior is the risk of injury and physical harm. It’s like a twisted menu of harmful actions, and unfortunately, some individuals may engage in multiple forms simultaneously. Our very young children with autism and other developmental delays lack appropriate communication skills and have only a few behaviors that work for them. My son is 4 years old and has autism. The difference between autistic and non-autistic stimming is the regularity and type of behavior shown. Biting non-edible objects has little impact on others. In typically developing children, biting is seen as an aggressive behavior. This method works well if your child is biting out of boredom, or if they are biting out of frustration that could be improved If you are a special need parent or special educational needs teacher, please be assured BitePRO® Bite Resistant Arm Guards offer outstanding protection, effectively reducing the risk of bite injuries and subsequent infections. Oct 18, 2020 · Examples would be behaviors such as biting, hitting, or kicking another person, throwing, breaking, or knocking objects over and biting or injuring themselves. Examples of common stimming in all individuals: Biting or chewing inside of cheek; Biting or chewing lips; Biting or picking nails; Chewing gum; Chewing pen or pencil; Clicking retractable pen; Cracking Aug 11, 2024 · Understanding autism arms: Exploring arm posturing and movement in individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder can provide valuable insights into the sensory and motor aspects of autism. Within this article, the author explained why children with autism chew excessively: Children with autism have difficulty in regulating their sensory experiences. These behaviors do not come out of nowhere. Sometimes they are biting themselves or scratching themselves and sometimes it's biting others in the vicinity. true. Our Latex free bite resistant material is soft to the touch yet tough enough to prevent human teeth from penetrating the skin. Aug 18, 2024 · For example, nail-biting and hair-twirling can be distracting but are usually acceptable in most social situations, like at work or school. Redirection by definition means to direct again; to change the direction or focus; to channel into a new direction. I've made my arms green (why does no one talk about bruises being green) and lumpy (not sure what I did but my arms got really lumpy one time after a particularly bad biting episode. Headbanging, scratching, and biting are most common. May 28, 2024 · Autistic children may resort to biting as a way to communicate their needs and feelings, even if they are capable of speaking. Why is he biting this person? It seems like a complete Some children bite themselves or others when frustrated. Apr 1, 2024 · According to a 2021 research review, autistic people are three times more likely to engage in self-harming behaviors than non-autistic people are. Let’s take a look at why children bite and what can be done about it. Occupational therapy services for people with autism spectrum disorders: Current state of play, use of evidence and future learning priorities. My 4yr old son still chews on all kinds of things. Stopping this behavior can be quite a challenge for parents and caregivers. Apr 3, 2024 · Autistic Research Institute, 2024, Causes and Interventions for Self-Injury in Autism Kennedy Krieger Institute, 2023, Self Injurious Behavior Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 2017, Dimian A. I have done this since I can remember, I kinda 'peel' the skin of my cheeks and inside of my lip and bite smal pieces of my tongue. He didn't know what to do with the frustration so he bit. It’s essential to recognize that not all children with autism exhibit this behavior, but for those who do, it can present significant challenges for parents and caregivers. Like if I accidentally bite one side but not too hard, I have to do the other side. He bites and hits himself and we have tried many things for intervention. Feb 4, 2015 · Is your child with sensory issues chewing, licking, and biting inappropriately? This is a common behavior among kids with SPD and/or autism, and there are many ways to address it. The hands and arms are often the primary targets, but other body parts may also be affected. to try to figure it out. We're heading back to the ped. Identifying Common Triggers for Biting Incidents. The other child didn’t do anything to him. She's autistic and in said episode talks about autistic meltdowns, amongst other things. Mar 14, 2022 · Ashburner J, et al. While its exact causes aren’t clear, changes to the brain’s structure and function Aug 18, 2024 · For example, nail-biting and hair-twirling can be distracting but are usually acceptable in most social situations, like at work or school. I suspect there are a great many people who eat to soothe themselves without ever realizing it. Also, if we think back about before anesthesia, think about the old cowboy movies where they bite on a towel during some surgical procedure or some painful event to try to relieve the pain. A 2020 study that included data from more than Dr. Sometimes I’ll bite the tip of it and slowly keep biting it further and further back until I can’t go any further before realizing what I’m doing. Don't jump to any conclusions, of course, but do keep this in mind as you talk to your toddler's caregivers and relatives about his behavior. A child biting him or herself, or indeed others is at great risk of causing injuries. Like children who are coping with pain, children Feb 21, 2023 · Autism and oral fixation are linked through sensory processing disorders. Low self-worth, impulsivity, and depression may predict self-harm in Self-injurious behaviour is where a person physically harms themselves. Oral fixation involves repetitive chewing behaviors used as a self-soothing technique. She holds a degree in Informatics and has spoken at college events to improve understanding about disabilities. Stimming often includes repetitive behaviors when they may be experiencing sensory overload. 3-9 One study found this behavior in children as young as 12 months old. This may be due to That behaviour may include head banging, hand or arm biting, hair pulling, eye gouging, face or head slapping or punching, skin picking, scratching or pinching Self injurious behaviour is very common in people on the autism spectrum and is usually associated with one or more “risk factors”: Understanding Biting Behavior in Children with Autism. He uses the chewing to sooth himself and to express emotion. In extreme circumstances or emergencies, call 999. They might be a manifestation of anxiety, a way to self-soothe, or even a form of stimming for individuals on the autism spectrum. There are 7 references cited in this article, which can be found at the bottom of the page. This is known as self-injurious behaviour. Aggressive behavior can be emotionally draining to parents and caregivers and negatively impact the child’s educational, social, community and family life. With that said, what can you do to help stop your child with special needs from biting? Feb 18, 2024 · Pinching usually hurts less on a smaller area than hitting and biting, but all three can be connected to stimming. Biting behavior in autistic individuals can have various underlying causes. (Just stay away from autism moms). Biting Self: Autism biting hand or autism biting themselves are common forms of self-injury. Jan 24, 2017 · The reason for the behavior doesn’t negate that. This behavior can range from mild nibbling to severe biting that breaks the skin and causes significant tissue damage. The reason I find that theory most plausible is that autistic people sometimes hit themselves (painful stimuli), but also hit inanimate objects and some hit other people. There's oodles of wonderful autistic creators who share about their daily experiences. While researching this topic, I stumbled upon a helpful blog titled How to Decrease Chewing in Children with Autism. My son has only had a couple of minor, short-lived instances of biting himself in the past month. Biting is a common oral fixation behavior often seen in individuals with autism spectrum disorder, typically as a way to seek oral sensory input. Sep 21, 2022 · People with autism spectrum disorder may exhibit behaviors which put themselves at risk, cause difficulties for people around them or which are not socially acceptable. This is a tough one. Mar 29, 2022 · You are not alone and autistic child behaviour problems and harmful actions such as biting, pinching or scratching can be a common behaviour for children on the spectrum. In my experience, I have found that hitting can sometimes be related to sensory issues. This might be head banging on floors, walls or other surfaces, hand or arm biting, hair pulling, eye gouging, face or head slapping, skin picking, scratching or pinching, forceful head shaking. Our Bite Resistant Arm Guards For Special Needs Classrooms have been designed to help protect professionals who interact with children that bite, scratch and pinch. See full list on autism. Self-calming may quickly escalate into self-injurious behavior such as hitting themselves, head banging, chewing their hands or biting themselves. Luna Rose leads wikiHow's Autism Project. TikTok is also soooo useful as a resource. It's good to remember that biting usually does not mean to cause pain. Oct 28, 2024 · Nail biting, also known as onychophagia, is a common habit found in many people, but it can take on a unique and more intense form in individuals with autism. While repetitive behaviors are not unique to autism, according to a study published in the Journal of Neuropsychiatry, autism stimming one of the three core diagnostic domains of autism. The University of Rochester is among the 13 sites in the Autism Speaks Autism Care Network. Jun 7, 2017 · biting; hitting; head banging; excessive scratching or picking. If you can understand why your autistic child is behaving aggressively or hurting themselves, you can develop a plan for avoiding the behaviour in future. In children with autism, biting is seen as either aggressive or self-stimulating behavior. Jan 6, 2025 · Biting. More severe forms of self-harm are: eye pressing/gouging; hair/teeth/nail Jan 20, 2025 · Pinching behavior is often an attempt at sensory regulation. If I accidentally bite my tongue to hard, it restarts the whole process. Even though it is common for children with special needs to bite, it is something that needs to be addressed. Biting your nails Sep 14, 2024 · From biting nails (Nail Biting Psychology: Understanding and Overcoming the Habit) to chewing on pens or even biting the inside of their cheeks, these habits often have deep psychological roots. Oct 13, 2023 · • Withholding the item he wants if he engages in biting. In this case, we see the children as acting as their own occupational therapists, trying to help their sensory systems balance. Such behaviors can include: 25 Nov 23, 2024 · This can be especially common for autistic children as they are experiencing sensory, social, and developmental issues that might be undiagnosed. Oct 14, 2024 · He is not diagnosed as autistic but he has sensory issues and is unable to walk and carry out his frustrations. Most often, children with autism who bite Dealing with biting behavior in children with Autism can be challenging but manageable with the right strategies. The goal is to create a safer and more positive place for the child and those around them Dec 6, 2022 · Luna Rose is an autistic community member who specializes in writing and autism. Jan 21, 2025 · Not only can autism lead to delays and problems with communication and social interaction, but it can also cause many behavioral issues. . All human behavior can be assessed for function. For instance, if a child is overwhelmed by what is going on around them (too much noise, type of activity, too many people, etc) they will sometimes hit themselves or a peer or adult. Emotionally challenging behaviours - aggressive shouting or using derogatory language. He’s just biting on his own. The unfortunate victim could experience bleeding or infection if the pinch breaks the skin. Children with autism engage in a diverse range of behaviors, such as biting, flopping, crying, scratching, and spitting, among others. Sensory overload is the main cause of biting. Apr 10, 2013 · Biting is a behavior that is common among children with autism spectrum disorders. Harm is not the intent . Around 50 percent of people with autism engage in behavior that can cause themselves harm when they feel frustrated, overwhelmed or unwell. However, many times, an autistic child’s aggressive behavior is caused by strong feelings they are unable to communicate clearly. BitePRO® Bite Resistant Arm Guards for special educational needs classrooms have been designed to protect teachers and educational professionals from scratching, pinching and biting. Two common and concerning behaviors in some children with ASD are hitting and biting. Volmer said that the research is clear that animals like birds and mammals bite themselves or bite objects when they are stressed and/or in pain. We got him to stop the drywall corners by liberally applying pickle juice. Kids on the autism spectrum often have strong reactions to sounds, textures, or lights, which can be too much for them. 2" long and just under ½ an inch in diameter Whether it’s hitting, biting, screaming, running away, or any other challenging behavior, they continue to happen because they work. I know this is easier said than done and one with which I struggle when it comes to my older son. Dec 6, 2022 · Luna Rose is an autistic community member who specializes in writing and autism. Sensory processing, or how we receive and respond to messages from our senses, is difficult for Such as when you bite your fingers when you don’t know the answer or twirl your hair when you’re confused. For my younger son, this includes biting on a chewie to ensure he doesn’t end up biting himself or others. , et al. • Reinforcing appropriate behavior. I notice that many people still read this entry and, I hope, the useful suggestions that people submitted. This behavior can be directed towards themselves or others, causing distress for everyone involved. Many autistic children may show aggression, such as biting, scratching, kicking, hitting, or damaging property. Apr 22, 2024 · Self-harm affects around 33 percent of autistic individuals. This response is by psychologist Kenneth Shamlian, director of the behavioral treatment program at the University of Rochester Medical Center. Biting can stem from reasons like self-stimulatory behavior (stimming), sensory challenges, or communication difficulties. Her meltdowns include head hitting and similar. And of course Unmasking Autism by Devon OriStout Cut Resistant Farmers Sleeves with Thumb Hole, Protective Arm Sleeves, for Gardening, Welding, Kitchen, Arm Guards for Biting, Pet Grooming, Black, 1 Pair 4. why does this specific action recur to this extent? Hitting one's self can be a form of stimming (self-stimulatory behavior), but there are many other ways to stim. Nov 6, 2023 · Another study by Richdale and Schreck (2009) found that 23% of autistic children bit themselves or others. Biting toys or clothing is less of a problem and can only lead to dirty sweaters and soggy cuffs. This article related to autism may help as well. It gets worse when stressed and I am looking for alternatives that don't harm my body. The difficulty with a child with autism is that he may not understand the consequences of biting the same way that a child without this diagnosis might. It’s also connected to other disorders, including Alzheimer’s and Both autistic and non-autistic people may have self-stimulating habits, but it is more extreme and prevalent in individuals on the spectrum. He has now quit biting himself but he's now hitting himself. Who doesn’t want to drink something hot on a cold day? And many, though not all of us, find it soothing to eat when we’re nervous. Common examples of this behaviour include: Physically challenging behaviours - such as hitting, biting, spitting or pulling hair. Hi Gareth! I am so sorry for my very delayed response. Encourage Alternative Behaviors Aug 23, 2024 · Your son used to bang his head, that has stopped, and now he’s biting people in the classroom and at home. Feb 18, 2022 · CANAY Sensory chew stick is designed for childrens with anxiety, sensory processing disorder, ADHD, teething, autism, and oral motor needs. A child who hits himself may have been hit, for instance, and one who bites himself may have been bitten back as punishment for biting other children. It includes head banging, hand or arm biting, and scratching or pinching. My son used to bite himself when he got frustrated. What are your thoughts on how we can keep him from biting, pinching, or hitting himself? Thank you. Feb 2, 2024 · Understanding the reasons behind biting in autistic children can help in managing and reducing this challenging behavior. , Botteron, K. Sign up for a free workshop to start turning autism around: https Nov 23, 2016 · For autistic children and young people there are concerns from parents, carers and professionals that self-harm is an even greater problem, but the extent is unclear due to limited research. Autism news, information and support. https://onlinelibrary Apr 10, 2007 · Good luck. ” In younger children, self-harm can occur in several forms; banging their head against the wall, punching or pinching themselves, biting themselves or punching or kicking a wall. Our chewy is also the ideal outlet for sensory kids with fidgety ticks & behaviors such as biting, chewing, and stimming. —Valerie. Jan 13, 2023 · However, in extreme cases, they may even bite themselves, family members or their teachers. These are behaviors that an individual engages in that may cause physical harm, such as head banging, or self-biting. While many neurotypical individuals engage in nail-biting as a response to stress or boredom, in those on the autism spectrum, the behavior may be tied to deeper sensory and emotional reasons. Hi Valerie, Sep 29, 2022 · In a large study of autistic adults reporting NSSI behaviors, the average age that they began harming themselves was 15 years old. Breaking Through Autism; Autism and The Myth of False Hope; Parents Given Hope In Dealing With Autism; The Son-Rise Program; Opening Up The Options; A Child Lured Out By An Emotional Connection; He Beat Autism, Now Helps Others; Family Believes The Sun Is Rising For Autistic Son; Journey From A Silent Planet; The Importance of Being Happy Oct 29, 2020 · Aggression, such as hitting, biting, scratching, hair-pulling, or kicking another person, is relatively common in children on the autism spectrum. 583 votes, 103 comments. Due to communication deficits, they may struggle to express themselves verbally. The mouth has many sensory receptors: for taste, texture, temperature, wetness and dryness, movement (in the jaw and in the tongue, for instance), and so on. Many things can trigger aggressive behaviors like hitting, scratching, and biting, but these are some of the most common in children with autism: Feeling very anxious or stressed; Trying to communicate; Being in physical Jun 23, 2023 · Praise your child with Autism for biting an appropriate object; IF YOUR AUTISTIC KID IS BITING TRY TO KEEP THEM BUSY Another way to help your child refrain from biting is to keep them busy on a predictable schedule. Aug 11, 2024 · Education and training on high-functioning autism and biting: – Offering workshops and seminars on autism spectrum disorders – Providing resources on understanding and managing biting behaviors – Connecting families with autism specialists and behavior analysts – Encouraging participation in support groups and online communities Aug 11, 2024 · 2. Autistic people often engage in these behaviours to help calm themselves when they are stressed or anxious, but many autistic people do it because they find it enjoyable. Oct 4, 2015 · The only exception is when they are hurting themselves or others. Sep 17, 2024 · Children with autism may bite for many reasons, but sensory challenges often play a big role. Although these behaviors are never have a malicious intent, they are still something to be cautious of when you work with these individuals. Sep 22, 2024 · Common forms of SIB in autism include head banging, hand biting, excessive scratching, hair pulling, and even eye poking. Whenever he would seek sensory input for his mouth, he would bite other people or himself. org Jul 5, 2024 · In a recent study, it was found that as many as 30% of children on the autism spectrum engage in self-injurious behavior like head banging or skin picking. If he asks for an item appropriately, without biting himself or others, reward that! Dec 16, 2008 · I wrote something last year about my problems with my son biting himself that drew lots of interest. You say he’s behaving like that “for no particular reason. These repetitive behaviors are divided into two categories: lower order and higher order behaviors. iuqrhvzc lpf nawmxji rdxql zsc fkgcow hxcus sumlh xjrru azn